BLACK HOLE – கருந்துளை மர்மங்கள்

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அறிவார்ந்த நெறிநூலான அல்குர்ஆனில் ஏராளமான அறிவியல் உண்மைகளை உலக மக்களுக்குக் கூறி நேர்வழிக்கு அல்லாஹ் அழைக்கின்றான். போலி பொய்த் தெய்வங்களைப் புறந்தள்ளி, உங்களையும், உலகத்தையும், மாபெரும் பிரபஞ்சத்திலுள்ள சூரிய சந்திர, நட்சத்திரங்கள், கலாக்ஸிகளைப் படைத்தவனை மட்டும் வணங்குங்கள் என்று அறிவியல் உண்மைகளைக் கொண்டு உரைக்கின்றான்.

மனித சமுதாயம் நேர்வழி பெற வேண்டும் என்பதற்காக அல்குர்ஆனில் தனது வழிகாட்டும் வசனங்களை விவரித்துக் கூறுகிறான். தான் கூறும் உண்மைகளை மேலும் உறுதிப்படுத்து வதற்கும் கூடுதல் முக்கியத்துவம் கொடுப்பதற்கும், தான் படைத்த படைப்புக்கள் மீது சத்தியமிட்டு சொல்கிறான். படைப்புக்கள் மீது சத்தியம் செய்யும் வசனங்களை குர்ஆனில் பரவ லாகக் காணலாம். உதாரணமாக, காலத்தின் மீது சத்தியமாக 103:1 இரவு, பகல் மீது சத்தியமாக 92:1 வானத்தின் மீது 86:1 மறுமை நாள் மீது 75:1 என்று பல்வேறு இடங்களில் தன் படைப்புகளின் மீது சத்தியமிட்டுச் சொல்கிறான். குர்ஆனில் அல்லாஹ் சொல்லும் சத்தியங்களிலேயே மிக மகத்தான சத்தியமாக ஒரு செய்தியைக் குறிப்பிடுகிறான்.

நட்சத்திர மண்டலங்களின் மீது நான் சத்தியம் செய்கிறேன். நீங்கள் அறீவீர்களாயின் நிச்சயமாக இது மகத்தானது என்பதை தெரிந்து கொள்வீர்கள்.அல்குர்ஆன் 56:75, 76

(ஒளி இழந்து) விழுந்து மறையும் நட்சத்திரங்கள் மீது சத்தியமாக!” அல்குர்ஆன் 53:1

“”நிச்சயமாக நாம் தாழ்வாக உள்ள வானத்தைச் சுடரிடும் நட்சத்திரங்களைக் கொண்டு அழகுபடுத்தி வைத்துள்ளோம்” என்று 37:6ல் அல்லாஹ் கூறுகிறான்.

 இரவில் வானத்தைப் பார்த்தால் கோடானு கோடி நட்சத்திரங்கள் நம்மை பார்த்து கண்சிமிட்டுகின்றன. இதற்குக் காரணம் நட்சத்திரங்களில் ஏற்படும் அணுப் பிளவின் காரணமாக வெப்பமும் ஒளியும் உண் டாகிறது. நமது சூரியனும் ஒரு சிறிய நட்சத்திரமாகும். நமது சூரியனை விட கோடானு கோடி மடங்கு மிகப் பிரமாண்டமான நட்சத் திரங்கள் தங்களிடமுள்ள எரிபொருளான ஹைட்ரஜன், ஹிலியம் வாயுவை இழந்து முற்றிலும் அழியும் நிலையில் அதனுடைய அடர்த்தி அதிகரிக்கும்; அத்துடன் அதன் உள் ஈர்ப்பு விசை ஆற்றல் பன்மடங்காக பெருகி விடும். அதனுள் ஈர்க்கப்படும் எப்பொருளும் மீண்டு வருவதில்லை. இவ்வாறு எரிதிறனை இழந்து அழிந்து மறையும் நட்சத்திரம் கருந்துளையாக மாறுகிறது.

கருந்துளை எனும் மர்மக் குகை:

20ம் நூற்றாண்டில் விண்வெளியில் கண்டுபிடிக்கப்பட்ட ஆச்சரியமான அதிசயங்களில் பிரதானமாக விளங்குவது கருந்துளைகள் மட்டுமே என்று ஆய்வாளர்கள் கூறுகின்றனர். இக்கருந்துளைகள், மிகப் பிரமாண்டமான நட்சத்திரங்களின் இறுதி கட்ட நிகழ்வாக கருதப்படுகிறது. இதற்கு கன அளவோ மேற் பரப்போ கிடையாது. கண்ணாலோ, தொலை நோக்கியாலோ எவரும் பார்க்க முடியாது.

கருந்துளையின் எல்லைக்குச் செல்லும் ஒளி உட்பட எப்பொருளும் மீண்டு வெளியேற முடியாது. இவற்றின் ஈர்ப்பு ஆற்றலைக் கணக்கிட ஓர் உதாரணத்தைப் பார்ப்போம்.

பொதுவாக நமது பூமிக்கும் புவியீர்ப்பு ஆற்றல் உள்ளது. எப்பொருளையும் நாம் ஆகாயத்தை நோக்கி எறிந்தால் அது மீண்டும் பூமியில் விழுந்து விடும். இந்த புவியீர்ப்பு விசையை மீறிச் செல்ல வேண்டுமாயின் ஒரு வினாடிக்கு 11 கிலோ மீட்டர் வேகம் வேண்டும். (மணிக்கு 40,000வது-24000 மைல்) பூமியில் இருந்து விண்ணை நோக்கி செலுத்தப்படும் செயற்கை கோள் ராக்கெட்டுகள் வினாடிக்கு 11வது வேகத்திலேயே செலுத்தப்பட்டு வருகின்றன. பிரபஞ்சத்தில் உள்ள வேகங்களில் மிக உயர்ந்தபட்ச வேகம் ஒளியின் வேகம்தான். ஒளி ஒரு வினாடியில் 1,86000 மைல் (3,00000km) செல்கிறது. நமது கருந்துளையின் ஈர்ப்பு ஆற்றல் விசையும் 1,86000 மைல்/ வினாடியில் உள்ளது. எனவே கருந்துளைக்குள் செல்லும் ஒளி மீண்டு வருவதில்லை. கருந்துளை எனும் குகைக்குள் செல்லும் எதுவும் மீண்டு வர முடியாது. அங்கு என்ன நடக்கிறது என்பதும் எவர்க்கும் புரியாத புதிர். நட்சத்திரங்கள் மறைந்து அழிந்து தோன்றும் கருந்துளையின் மீது அல்லாஹ் மகத்தான சத்தியம் செய்வதிலிருந்து இதன் பிரமாண்டத்தை புரிந்து கொள்ளலாம்.

கடந்த 2008 மார்ச் 18ல், நமது பிரபஞ்சத்திலேயே மிகப் பிரமாண்டமான “”கலாக்ஸி கிளாசிக்” (Galaxy Classic)) எனும் கருந்துளையை ஆய்வாளர்கள் கண்டு பிடித்தனர்.

இந்த கருந்துளையின் பரிமாணம் மிகப் பிரமாண்டமானது. நமது சூரியன் விட்டம் 1,39,0000 வது. இதைவிட 1800 கோடி மடங்கு மிகப் பெரியது. நமது பூமியில் இருந்து 3.5 பில்லியன் அதாவது 350 கோடி ஒளி ஆண்டு தொலைவில் உள்ளது. ஒளி ஆண்டு என்பது, ஒளி ஒரு வினாடியில் 1,86000 மைல் தூரம் செல்லும் இந்த வேகத்திலேயே தொடர்ந்து 1 வருடம் எவ்வளவு தூரம் பயணம் செய்யுமோ அதுவே ஒரு ஒளி ஆண்டு தூரம். சொற்ப அறிவு கொடுக்கப்பட்ட நமக்கு இதன் பிரமாண்டம் நம் கற்பனைக்கு எட்டாத ஒன்று.

கருந்துளைகளை நம் கண்களால் காண முடியாது என்றாலும் இதன் நிகழ்வெல்லைக்கு (Event Horizon)அப்பால் இருக்கும் பிற நட்சத்திரங்கள், மற்ற விண் பொருட்களின் மீது அவை கொண்டுள்ள தாக்கங்கள் மூலம் கருந்துளை இருப்பிடத்தை அறிந்து கொள்ளலாம். உதாரணமாக ஒரு தொகுதி விண்மீன்கள் கருந்துளையின் ஈர்ப்புக்கு உட்பட்டு அதன் மையத்தைச் சுற்றி வருவது உண்டு. இவ்வாறான விண்மீன்களின் இயக்கத்தை கூர்ந்து நோக்குவதன் மூலம் கருந்துளையின் இருப்பையும் அதன் அமைவிடத்தையும் அறிந்து கொள்ளலாம். சில வேளைகளில் கருந்துளைகள் அண்டவெளியில் இருந்து அல்லது அண்மையில் இருக்கும் விண்மீன்களில் இருந்து வரும் வளிமத்தூசுகளை கவர்ந்து இழுக்கின்றன. இவ்வளிமங்கள் கருந்துளையைச் சுற்றி வேகமாக உட்செல்லும் போது வெப்பநிலை அதிகரிப்பதனால் பெருமளவு கதிர்வீச்சு வெளிப்படுகிறது. இவற்றை புவி, அல்லது விண்வெளி தொலை நோக்கி மூலம் உணர முடியும்.

வானில் உள்ள கோடானு கோடி நட்சத்திரங்களில் அல்லாஹ் நாடியவை தன் எரிபொருளை இழந்து அடர்த்தி அதிகமாகி கருந்துளையாக மாறலாம். பிரபஞ்சத்தில் ஏராளமான கருந்துளை உள்ளன. மற்ற நட்சத்திரங்கள், அல்லாஹ் கூறும் (கியாமத் நாள்) இறுதி நாளில் ஒளி இழந்து உதிரும். நமது சூரியனின் இறுதி முடிவும் இவ்வாறே. அல்லாஹ் அறிந்தவன்!

“நட்சத்திரங்கள் அழிக்கப்படும்போது, மேலும் வானம் பிளக்கப்படும் போது, அன்றியும் மலைகள் (தூசுகளைப் போல்) பறக்கப்படும்போது” 77:8,9
(அந்நாளில்) சந்திரன் ஒளி மங்கி, சூரியனும் சந்திரனும் ஒன்று சேர்க்கப்படும். அல்குர்ஆன் 75:4,9

S.ஹலரத் அலி, ஜித்தா


www.readislam.net

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Leave corn in its ears

4:30 AM No Comments

(He said): O Yusuf (Joseph), the man of truth! Explain to us (the dream) of seven fat cows whom seven lean ones were devouring, and of seven green ears of corn, and (seven) others dry, that I may return to the people, and that they may know. Yusuf said: For seven consecutive years, you shall sow as usual and that (the harvest) which you reap you shall leave in ears, (all) - except a little of it which you may eat. Then will come after that, seven hard (years), which will devour what you have laid by in advance for them, (all) except a little of that which you have guarded (stored). Then thereafter will come a year in which people will have abundant rain and in which they will press (wine and oil).    Allah, the Almighty, says: (He said): O Yusuf (Joseph), the man of truth! Explain to us (the dream) of seven fat cows whom seven lean ones were devouring, and of seven green ears of corn, and (seven) others dry, that I may return to the people, and that they may know. Yusuf said: For seven consecutive years, you shall sow as usual and that (the harvest) which you reap you shall leave in ears, (all) - except a little of it which you may eat. Then will come after that, seven hard (years), which will devour what you have laid by in advance for them, (all) except a little of that which you have guarded (stored). Then thereafter will come a year in which people will have abundant rain and in which they will press (wine and oil).”    (Yusuf: 45-49)

The Scientific Fact:

Storing corn in its ears is considered one of the basic methods of preserving such seeds during hard environmental conditions. This combination of growing crops and preserving and storing them is called preserving products.

Dr. `Abd al-Majid Bil`abid and his colleagues from Rabat University in Morocco conducted research on some wheat seeds that were left in their ears for two years and some other seeds that were left outside their ears. Primary results showed that the ears experienced no change and stayed 100% viable despite the fact that the storehouse was normal and no special conditions were provided. Scientists also found that seeds left in their ears lost a considerable amount of water and became drier than those left outside their ears. This means that 20.3 % of the weight of the seeds left outside their ears is water which will affect the seeds ability to grow once cultivated, simply because water makes it more vulnerable to decay.

Thereafter, researches compared the rates of growth between seeds left in their ears and others left outside their ears for 2 years. They found that seeds left in their sheaths have a better growth rate - of 20 % root length and 32 % trunk length. Afterwards, researchers tried to estimate the proteins and sugar that remained unchanged. They found that such substances had fallen by 32 % after 2 years of storage in the seeds left outside their ears while after one year of storage such seeds lost 20 % of these substances. The seeds stored in their ears lost nothing.

Facets of Scientific Inimitability:

Almighty Allah says: “…which you reap you shall leave in ears” which means that storing seeds in their ears is the best way to preserve them.

There are two other scientific observations in this verse:

1-     Defining the period over which seeds are expected to be viable: 15 years. People were commanded to grow wheat for 7 years and then 7 hard years would follow and then one year (totaling 15 in all) will come when people will be able to produce wine and oil. Scientific researches have proven that wheat seeds can keep their ability to grow for a maximum of 15 years.

2-     The method of storage by leaving seeds in their ears has also been tested in the research. This shows that the best way to store seeds is the way practiced by Prophet Yusuf who was taught by Allah. It is historically proven that this way was unknown before, especially to ancient Egyptians who used to store wheat seeds outside their ears. Obviously, this is a scientific miracle that shows the greatness and accuracy of the Ever-Glorious Qur'an and that it is a revelation from Allah (Exalted and Glorified be He).

Plants

By: Dr. Abd al-Majid Bil`abid

 

Source:

http://www.quranandscience.com

 

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All are swimming in an orbit (2): Wavy Daylight and Night

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Modern science informed us that the moon is moving around the Earth in an oval, or elliptical orbit. Also the Earth and the rest of the planets, revolve in oval, or elliptical orbit around the sun.

In the holy Quran this movement is described as follows: (And he is the one who created the night, daylight, sun and the moon, all are swimming in an orbit). (The Profits: 33).

From my point of view, I think God used the names of the sun, moon, night, and daylight as symbols of the four heavenly cosmic creatures:
Night (darkness): nowdays symbolizes dark matter, or what is sometimes called the cosmic fluid, or fabric of ths cosmos. Dark matter did not glow by the passage of light. Daylight: symbolizes the gases of the earth atmosphere, or other gases in the universe that glow by the passage of light, Sun: symbolizes the stars and the sources of energy and cosmic tremendous heat & electromagnetic radiation. Moon: a symbol of the cold rocky objects in the universe.

So night, daylight, sun, and moon are only a set of nearby symbols, that are close to us in the universe, and are having masses, energy, radiation…etc.

The idea behind all of this, is that if God is telling us: (All are swimming in an orbit). This means that the natural mechanical movement of every thing in the universe, either it is radiation, dark matter, energy or solid masses, it is swimming, or what we call in physics wavy motion, this agrees with the assumption of the Austrian physicist Erwin Rudolf Schrödinger which suggests that (Every point in the universe has a wave function).

In the first article that I have written on this website, it is found that the wavy orbits of the small celestial objects are accumulating around the wavy orbits of the leader  bigger celestial objects, Fig. 1 is showing clearly that result.

But, as Fig. 1 is based on the principle all are swimming in an orbit, and as the swimming meaning is based on the movement of the sea water waves, are the sea water waves accumulating in such a way, that the smaller ones are moving and accumulating around the bigger ones as we colcluded from Fig. 1?

When I reached these results, and that question, and gathered it with the  the description of the heavens, that it has a property of knots (And the heaveness that have the knots) (Adh-Dhariyat: 7), while knots means in our language (Arabic) the wavy ways on tissue, water or sand, I expected to find the combinations of waves from the small over the bigger over the bigger, on the sea water, fig. 2, sand fig. 3., and fig. 4. Actually what I found was the same that I drew for the accumulated wavy orbits of swimming cosmic celestial objects. If I want to draw the maps of tracks of air on tissues, or water,  or sand accumulated waves, it will be the same of that drawn on fig.1.

When I went to the sea, the picture was more clear, the smaller waves are built over the bigger ones, in the same way it moves with it and swim over it, the pictures that I took myself will be more clear than the description. Note in the figures that the small waves have its own small speed, at the same time, it is moving and carried with the bigger ones, at its higher speeds.

Fig. 2.

When I visit the desert in UAE; I got the following beautiful photos, which shows also the wavy mountains of sand carrying wavy hills of sand… or vice versa, sand waves built over each other from the smallest to the biggest, same as the celestial bodies and sea orbits or waves.

Fig. 3.

The children maintain genetic characteristics of their ancestors, in the figure, small waves carried in the hands of parents, the smallest waves insist on maintaining the same elegant family shape.

Fig. 4.

Now we need to remember that the verse further told us: (the night, daylight, sun and the moon, all swimming in an orbit).  That means daylight and night are swimming in an orbit, this can be proven in fig. 5.

Daylight and night are symbols of time, here in the photo as the Quran mentioned, they are moving in a wavy motion over the spherical earth, indicating that time is a wave; in my book (New Principles of Space- Time travel) I managed depending on this conclusions, to reach many great results about space-time travel.

Fig. 5 ⁽¹⁾.

Based on this verse which was said before more than 1,400 years, understanding that daylight and night are wavy over the earth, and as these are symbols of time, as an inventor; I tried to invent a clock that show the earth on the screen, while the wavy daylight and night film is passing over it with time, in another way, showing relative to time, which places on the earth have daylight, and which have daynight, but with more researches, I found that the American mechanical Engineer Jim Kilburg invented it and called it Geochron (Fig. 6).

Ronald Reagan gave one clock of it to Mikail Gorbachev. Former U.N. Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali was given one from the indigenous people of the world. The Geochron has even appeared in popular movies such as Hunt for Red October and Clear and Present Danger. NASA still uses several to track night and day during orbital space flights.

When the President Ronald Reagan gave Mikail Gorbachev a Geochron he said to him: that this is “an example of American ingenuity.”

Fig. 6

But the president does not know that this clock which gives an example of American ingenuity, is working depending on a scientific principle that was mentioned as part of a verse in the Holy Quran before more than 1400 years.

Furthernore, if the verse indicated that everything is swimming in an orbit, we can see how science draws the orbit of the sun around the center of our galaxy to be wavy as in fig. 7, while fig. 8 shows the wavy shadow of the moon on the earth, fig. 9 shows the wavy track of a meteoroid near the earth, fig. 10 shows an amazing wavy track of a meteoroid in the space, fig. 11 shows the great wavy sand mountains in the Empty Quarter in the Arabic Semi-Island, while Fig. 10 shows how the tracks or orbits of the sun, moon.. are drawn in the most famous astronmical scientific magazine (Astronomy), it is clearly proving that the orbits of the celestial bodies which are all moving relative to each other is wavy, but until now I couldnot reach an explaination why it is wavy, at the same time nobody drew the accumulated wavy orbits, these questions I expect I explained its answers in these two articles, while other related questions such as: How gravity works with wavy orbits? What is the relation between accumulated wavy orbits and higher dimensions?... and many others I tried to explain in my books (Universe Revealed More- Continueing Einsteins Revolution) and (New Principles of Space-Time travel).

Fig. 7 ⁽²⁾.

Fig. 8 ⁽³⁾.

Russell Schweickart / B612 Foundation

Fig. 9 ⁽⁴⁾.

Figure showing a meteoroid track in space, though 21 days.

Fig. 10 ⁽⁵⁾.

Fig. 11 ⁽⁶⁾.

Fig. 12.

The monthly track (orbit, passage) of the sun and the moon through the celestial sphere which is published in the most famous astronomical magazine (ASTRONOMY)  is clearly wavy, furthermore it is clear that the moon wavy orbit is crossing the orbit of the sun, and waving around it, if we imagine a vedio movements of the tracks or orbits of the solar system members, through the space, for sure the picture will be for celestial bodies where all are swimming in an orbit.

The reader is free to evaluate and rate this article, using the rating pointer at the top of the article.

Written by: Eng. Wasfi Amin Alshdaifat (Author, Inventor)

Email: wasfi974@gmail.com

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(1): Reference: http://www.onemansblog.com/.../2007/01/DaylightMap.jpg

(2): Reference: http://www.kaheel7.com

(3): Reference: http://www.exploratorium.edu/eclipse/2006/

(4): Reference: www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12859900

(5): Reference: Hubble, The mirror of the universe, Robbin Kerrod, David and Charles. Oliver Salzman

(6): Reference: http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=22.151928,54.076524andz..

- http://www.whatwillhappenin2012now.com/2012-prediction/december-21-2012-predictions-nasa/

- Title: The Moon's Orbit Around the Sun

http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//ful ... 7.000.html

SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

- http://www.centauri-dreams.org/?p=1378

Universe

By: Eng. Wasfi Amin Alshdaifat

 

 

Source:

http://www.quranandscience.com 

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The origin of creation : clay & water !

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In the Quran, Allah reveals that the creation of man is a miracle. The first human being was created by Allah shaping clay into a human form and then breathing a soul into it, Allah (SWT) says in Quran :

( إذ قال ربك للملائكة إني خالق بشرا من طينٍ ، فإذا سويته ونفخت فيه من روحي فقعوا له ساجدين ) سورة (ص) 71-72

 ( Your Lord said to the angels, "I am going to create a human being out of clay. When I have formed him and breathed My Spirit into him, fall down in prostration to him!")  (Quran  38:71-72)
and also says :

( فاستفتهم أهم أشد خلقاً أم من خلقنا إنا خلقناهم من طين لازب) الصافات 11

 " Then inquire of them: Is it they who are stronger in structure or other things We have created? We created them from sticky clay " (Quran 37:11)
When the human body is examined today, many elements present on the earth are also discovered to be found in the human body. Living tissues contain 95% carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur, with a total of 26 different elements.
In another verse of the Quran we are told:  

(ولقد خلقنا الإنسان من سلالة من طين ) المؤمنون 12

"We created man from an extract of clay"  (Quran 23:12)
The Arabic word "sulala," translated as "extract" in the verse, means "representative example, essence." As we have seen, the information revealed in the Quran 1,400 years ago confirms what modern science tells us-the fact that the same elements as those found in the soil  are employed in the human creation .
Below is a diagram showing the distribution of the elements in a 70-kilo human being.

Element	Symbol	%	Weight
Macro-minerals			Gram
Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Calcium Phosphorus Potassium Sulfur Chlorine Sodium Magnesium Silicon	O C H N Ca P K S Cl Na Mg Si	65.0 18.5 9.5 3.3 1.5 1.0 0.35 0.25 0.15 0.15 0.05 0.05	43,000 12,000 6,300 2,000 1,100 750 225 150 100 90 35 30
Macro-minerals		%	Miligram
Iron Zinc Copper Boron Cobalt Vanadium Iodine Selenium Manganese Molybdenum Chromium	Fe Zn Cu B Co V I Se Mn Mo Cr	0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01	4,200 2,400 90 68 20 20 15 15 13 8 6

As we notice above water forms the main component of the human being and any other being. Allah (SWT) says  :

( والله خلق كل دابة من ماء فمنهم من يمشي على بطنه ومنهم من يمشي على رجلين ومنهم من يمشي على أربع  يخلق الله ما يشاء إن الله على كل شيء قدير) النور 45

" Allah created every [living] creature from water. Some of them go on their bellies, some of them on two legs, and some on four. Allah creates whatever He wills. Allah has power over all things"  (Quran, 24:45)

(وجعلنا من الماء كل شيء حي أفلا يؤمنون َ) الأنبياء 30

" and  We made from water every living thing? So will they not believe?"  (Quran, 21:30)

(وهو الذي خلق من الماء بشراً فجعله نسباً  وصهراً وكان ربك قديراً ) الفرقان 54

"And it is He Who created human beings from water and then gave them relations by blood and marriage. Your Lord is All-Powerful"  (25:54)
When we look at the verses concerned with the creation of human beings and living things, we clearly see evidence of a miracle. One such miracle is of the creation of living things from water. It was only possible for people to come across that information, clearly expressed in those verses, hundreds of years afterwards with the invention of the microscope.
 All life forms need water in order to survive. Animals in dry regions, therefore, have been created with mechanisms to protect their metabolisms from water loss and to ensure maximum benefit from water use. If water loss takes place in the body for any reason, and if that loss is not replaced, death will result in a few days. The famous 17th century scientist Jan Baptista van Helmont discovered in 1640s that water in the soil was the most important element of plant development.

By: Dr. Sharif Kaf Al Ghazal

 

SOURCE:

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Medical Aspects Of Islamic Fasting

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There are close to 1.5 billion Muslims in the world observe total fasting (no food or water) between dawn to sunset in the month of Ramadan. They do so not for losing weight or any medical benefit, but for them it is ordained in their Holy Book Quran which says.

"O you who believe! Fasting is prescribed to you, as it was prescribed for those before you (i.e. Jews, & Christians) so that you may (learn) self-restraint." (Quran 2:183)

According to Islamic Laws, children below 12, sick patients, travelers, and women who are menstruating or nursing a baby are exempt from fasting. In addition to staying away from food or water for the whole day, they are asked to stay away from sex, smoking or misconduct during the period of fast. In addition, they are encouraged to do more acts of piety i.e.prayer, charity, or reading Quran during this month.

Food is needed by the body to provide energy for immediate use by burning up carbohydrates, that is, sugar. Excess of carbohydrates which cannot be used is stored up as fat tissue in muscles, and as glycogen in liver for future use. Insulin, a hormone from the pancreas, lowers blood sugar and diverts it to other forms of energy storage, that is, glycogen. To be effective, insulin has to be bound to binding sites could receptor. obese people lack receptor; therefore, they cannot utilize their insulin. This may lead to glucose intolerance.

When one fasts (or decreases carbohydrate intake drastically), it lowers his blood glucose and Insulin level. This causes breakdown of glycogen from liver to provide glucose for energy need and breakdown of fat from adipose tissue to provide for energy needs.

On the basis of human physiology described above, semi-starvation (ketogenic diets (I -5) have been devised for effective weight control. These diets provide calculated amount of protein in divided doses with plenty of water, multi-vitamins, etc. These effectively lower weight, blood sugar, but because of their side effects, should be used only under supervision of physicians.

Total fasting reduces or eliminates hunger and causes rapid weight loss. In 1975, Allan Cott in his "Fasting as a Way of life" noted that "fasting brings a wholesome physiological rest for the digestive tract and central nervous system and normalizes metabolism." It must be pointed out, however, that there are also many averse effects of total fasting. That includes hypokalemia and cardiac arrythmia associated with low calorie starvation diets used in unsupervised manner.

Studies On Islamic Fasting

Dr. Soliman, from the University Hospital, Amman, Jordan (ref. 8) has reported that during the month of Ramadan 1404 AH (June-July, 1984 AD) healthy Muslim volunteers; 42 males and 26 females, ranging in age from 15-64 and 16-28 years respectively were studied. They were weighed and their blood levels of cortisol, testosterone, Na, K, urea, glucose, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (TG) and serum osmolality were measured at the beginning and at the end of Ramadan.There was significant loss of weight in males form a mean of 73.8 +- 6.2 kg 72.0+- 7.1 kg (P less than 0.01) and in females from 55.2 +- 4.8 to 54.6 +- 4.2 kg (P less than 0.05). Blood glucose levels rose in males from 77.7 +- 23.6 mg/dl to 90.2 mg/dl (P less than 0.05) and in females from 76.0 +- 7 mg/dl to 84.5 +- I 1.1 mg/dl (P less than 0.002). All other parameters did not show significant changes.

Dr. F. Azizi and his associates (ref.9) from the University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran has reported the following. serum levels of glucose, bilirubin, calcium, phosphorous, protein, albumin, FSH, LH, testosterone, prolactin, TSH, TI, TI, and T uptake, as well as prolactin and TSH responses to TRH were evaluated in group of nine healthy men before and on the 1Oth, 20th and 29th days of Ramadan. Mean body weight decreased from 65.4 +- 9.1 to 61.6 +- 9.0 kg at 29th day. Serum glucose decreased from 82 +- 4 mg/dl on the 10th day, and increased thereafter (76 +- 3 and 84 +- 5 on the 20th and 29th days of fasting respectively). Serum bilirubin increased from 0.56 +- 0.17 to 1.43 +- 52 mg/dl on the 10th day, and decreased thereafter (I. I.+- 0.4 on the 20th and 29th days.) All Changes returned to basal values four weeks after fasting. There were no significant changes in serum levels of Ca, P, protein, albumin, and any of measured hormones. Prolactin and TSH responses to TRH were also unaltered. He concluded that:: (1) intermittent abstinence from food and drink for 17 hours a day for 29 days does not alter male reproductive hormones, hypothalainic-pituitary-thyroid axis or peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones and (2) physicians caring for Muslims should be aware of changes of glucose and bilirubin during Ramadan.

Therefore it is concluded from the above two studies that Islamic fasting does not cause any adverse medical effect and may have some beneficial effect on weight and lipid metabolism.

Why Islamic Fasting Is Different Than Other Types of Fasting (ref. 7)

The Islamic fast, is different from the above "Diet Plans". It has beneficial features of both plans. Its unique medical benefits are due to the following factors:

1. As compared to other diet plans, in fasting during Ramadan, there is no malnutrition or inadequate calorie intake since there is no restriction on the type or amount of food intake during Iftaar or Sahar. This was confirmed by M.M.Hussaini (ref. 6) during Ramadan 1974 when he conducted dietary analysis of Muslim students at the University of North Dakota State University at Fargo. He concluded that calorie intake of Muslim students during fasting was at two thirds of NCR- RDA.

2. Fasting, in Ramadan is voluntarily undertaken. It is not a prescribed imposition from a physician. In the hypothalamus part of the brain there is a center called "lipostat" which controls the body mass. When severe and rapid weight loss is achieved by starvation diet, the center does not recognize this as normal and, therefore re-programs itself to cause weight gain rapidly once the person goes off the starvation diet. So the only effective way of losing weight is slow, self-controlled, and gradual weight loss by modifying our behavior, and the attitude about eating while eliminating excess food. Ramadan is a month of self-regulation and self-training if terms of food intake thereby causing hopefully, a permanent change in lipostat reading.

3. In Islamic fasting, we are not subjected to a diet of selective food only (i.e. protein only, fruits only etc). An carry breakfast, before dawn is taken and then at sunset fast is broken with something sweet i.e. dates, fruits, juices to warrant any hypoglycemia followed by a regular dinner later on.

4. Additional prayers are prescribed after the dinner, which helps metabolize the food. Using a calorie counter, I counted the amount of calories burnt during extra prayer called Traveeh. It amounted to 200 calories. Islamic prayer called Salat uses all the muscles and joints and can be placed in the category of a mild exercise in terms of caloric out put.

5. Ramadan fasting is actually an exercise in self discipline. For those who are a chain smoker, or nibble food constantly, or drink coffee every hour, it is a good way to break the habit, hoping that the effect will continue after the month is over.

6. Psychological effect of Ramadan fasting are also well observed by the description of people who fast. They describe a feeling of inner peace and tranquility. The prophet has advised them "If one slanders you or aggresses against you, tell them I am fasting". Thus personal hostility during the month is minimal. Crime rate in muslim countries fall during this month.

It is my experience that within the first few days of Ramadan, I begin to feel better even before losing, a singIe pound. I work more and pray more; physical stamina and mental alertness improve. As I have my own lab in the office, I usually check my chemistry, that is, blood glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride before the commencement of Ramadan and at its end. I note marked improvement at the end. As I am not overweight, thank God, weight loss is minimal. The few pounds I lose, I regain soon after. Fasting in Raniadan will be a great blessing for the overweight whether with or without mild diabetes (type II). It benefits those also who are given to smoking or nibbling. They can rid themselves of these addictions in this month.

Fasting For Medical Patients: Suggested Guide-line (ref. 10)

As mentioned earlier, patients are exempt from fasting. But some, for whatever reasons, do decide to observe fasting. For physicians treating Muslim patients, the following guidelines are suggested.

a. Diabetic Patients: Diabetics who are controlled by diet alone can fast and hopefully with weight reduction, their diabetes may even be cured or at least improved. Diabetics who are taking oral hypoglycemia agents like Orinase along with the diet should exercise extreme caution if they decide to fast. They should reduce their dose to one-third, and take the drug not in the morning, but with Iftar in the evening. If they develop low blood sugar symptoms in the day time, they should break the fast immediately. Diabetics taking insulin should not fast. If they do, at their own risk, they should do so under close supervision and make drastic changes in the insulin dose. For example, eliminate regular insulin altogether and take only NPH in divided doses after Iftar or before Sahar. Diabetics, if they fast, should still take a diabetic diet during Iftar, Sahar and dinner. The sweet snacks common in Ramadan are not good for their disease. they should check their blood sugar before breakfast and after ending their fast.

b. Hypertensive or Cardiac Patients: Those who have mild to moderate high blood pressure along with being overweight should be encouraged to fast, since fasting may help to lower their blood pressure. They should see their physician to adjust medicines. for example, the dose of water pill (diuretic) should be reduced for fear of dehydration and long acting agents like Inderal LA or Tenormin can be given once a day before Sahar. Those with severe hypertension or heart diseases should not fast at all.

c. Those with Migrain Headache: Even in tension headache, dehydration, or low blood sugar will aggravate the symptoms, but in migraine during fasting, there is an increase in blood free fatty acids, which will directly affect the severity or precipitation of migraine through release of catecholamines. Patients with migraines are advised not to fast.

d. Pregnant Women (Normal Pregnancy): This is not an easy situation. Pregnancy is not a medical illness, therefore, the same exemption does not apply. There is no mention of such exemption in Quran.However, the Prophet said the pregnant and nursing women do not fast. This is in line with God not wanting anyone, even a small fetus, to suffer. There is no way of knowing, the damage to the unborn child until the delivery, and that might be too late. In my humble opinion, during the first and third trimester (three months) women should not fast. If however, Ramadan happens to come during the second trimester (4th-6th months) of pregnancy, a woman may elect to fast provided that (1) her own health is good, and (2) it is done with the permission of her obstetrician and under close supervision. The possible damage to the fetus may not be from malnutrition provided the Iftar and Sahar are adequate, but from dehydration, from prolonged (10-14 hours) abstinence from water.

Therefore it is recommended that Muslim patients if they do fast. Do so under medical supervision.

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References:

1. Bistrian,B.R.,"Semi-starvation Diet Recent Development", Diabetic Care, November 1978.

2. Blackbum, G.L., et el, "Metabolic Changes On PSMF diet" diabetes, June 1976.

3. Cott, A., "Fasting Is A Way Of Life", New York: Bantam Books, 1977.

4. Hirsch, Jules, "Hypothalmic Control Of Appetite" Hospital Practices, February 1984.

5. Khurane, R.C., "Modified Ketogenic Diet For Obesity" , Cancer Monthly Digest, July 1973.

6. Hussaini, N.M., Joumal of Islamic Medical Association, October 1982.

7. Athar, S., "Therapeutic Benefits Of Ramadan Fasting ", Islamic Horizon May 1984.

8. Soliman, N., "Effects Of Fasting During Ramadan", Journal of Islamic Medical Association, November 1987.

9. F. Azizi et el, "Evaluation of Certain Hormones And Blood Constituents During Islamic Fasting Month", Journal of Islamic Medical Association, Nov. 1987.

10. Athar, S., "Fasting For Medical Patients - Suggested Guide-line" Islainic Horizon, May 1985.

Legislative

By: Shahid Athar, M.D.

 

Source:

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Quran on Formation of Clouds and Rain

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Allah says:

(And it is He Who sends the winds as heralds of glad tidings, going before His Mercy (rain). Till when they have carried a heavy-laden cloud, We drive it to a land that is dead, then We cause water (rain) to descend thereon. Then We produce every kind of fruit therewith. Similarly, We shall raise up the dead, so that you may remember or take heed.) (7:57)

Allah says:

(And We send the winds fertilizing (to fill heavily the clouds with water), then cause the water (rain) to descend from the sky, and We give it to you to drink, and it is not you who are the owners of its stores [i.e. to give water to whom you like or to withhold it from whom you like].) (15:22)

Modern science has affirmed the scientific points mentioned in this verse of the Quran. The winds carry water particles which are rich in salt up into the atmosphere; these particles which are called 'aerosols' function as water traps and form cloud drops by collecting around the water vapor themselves.

The clouds are formed from water vapor that condenses around the salt crystals or dust particles in the air. Because the water droplets in these clouds are very small (with a diameter between 0.01 and 0.02 mm), the clouds are suspended in the air, and spread across the sky.29 Thus, the sky is covered in clouds. The water particles that surround salt crystals and dust particles thicken and form raindrops, so drops that become heavier than the air leave the clouds and start to fall to the ground as rain. Allah says:

(See you not that Allah drives the clouds gently, then joins them together, then makes them into a heap of layers, and you see the rain comes forth from between them; and He sends down from the sky hail (like) mountains, (or there are in the heaven mountains of hail from where He sends down hail), and strikes therewith whom He wills, and averts it from whom He wills. The vivid flash of its (clouds) lightening nearly blinds the sight.) (24:43)

A cumulonimbus cloud. This picture has been taken by NASA satellite. It is as though an invisible hand is pushing the cumulus clouds to the place of convergence

Rain clouds are formed and shaped according to definite systems and stages. The formation stages of cumulonimbus -a type of rain cloud- are:

(A) 1st Stage (b) 2nd Stage (c) 3rd Stage

• 1st stage: Being driven along: Clouds are carried along, that is, they are driven along, by the wind.
• 2nd stage: Joining: Then, small clouds (cumulus clouds) driven along by the wind join together, forming a larger cloud.
• 3rd stage: Stacking: When the small clouds join together, updrafts within the larger cloud increase. The updrafts near the centre of the cloud are stronger than those near the edges. These updrafts cause the cloud body to grow vertically, so the cloud is stacked up. This vertical growth causes the cloud body to stretch into cooler regions of the atmosphere, where drops of water and hail formulate and begin to grow larger and larger. When these drops of water and hail become too heavy for the updrafts to support them, they begin to fall from the cloud as rain, hail, etc.

A cloud becomes electrified as hail falls through a region in the cloud of super-cooled droplets and ice crystals. As liquid droplets collide with a hailstone, they freeze on contact and release latent heat. This keeps the surface of the hailstone warmer than that of the surrounding ice crystals.

Model for forked lighting. (a) The negative charge concentrated at the bottom of the cloud becomes large enough to overcome the air's resistance and develops a «leader» pointing towards the ground . (b) An upward flow of positive charges form the ground concentrates elevated points (c). The downward flow of negative charges meets the upward flow of positive charges and a strong electric current the upward flow of positive charges and a strong electric current known as return stroke carries the positive charges into the cloud.

When the hailstone comes in contact with an ice crystal, an important phenomenon occurs: electrons flow from the colder object toward the warmer object. Hence, the hailstone becomes negatively charged. The same effect occurs when super-cooled droplets come in contact with a hailstone and tiny splinters of positively charged ice break off. These lighter positively charged particles are then carried to the upper part of the cloud by updrafts.

The hail, falls towards the bottom of the cloud, thus the lower part of the cloud becomes negatively charged. These negative charges are then discharged as lightning. We conclude from this that hail is the major factor in producing lightning.30

Allah says:

(And thunder glorifies and praises Him, and so do the angels because of His Awe. He sends the thunderbolts, and therewith He strikes whom He wills, yet they (disbelievers) dispute about Allah. And He is Mighty in strength and Severe in punishment.) (13:13)

Earth

By: Thekeytoislam.com

 

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Who makes foetus laugh and weep?

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I

Foetus smiling

In a very significant verse in surat Al-Najm Allah says about him self: "And that He it is who maketh laugh, and maketh weep," (Quran 53:43)

This verse contains a very nice scientific indication about the lately-discovered fact that foetus has facial expressions while he is in his mother's womb, without being taught to do so.

The miracle of man creation reveals itself in the stages of foetal development which is described by the holy Quran and begins with the creation of germ cells in his parents, then when the sperm meets the ovum fertilizing it and they form the zygote (Nutfa Amshaj) which then becomes a leech-like clot (Alaqah) then chewed-like lump of flesh (Mudgha) which turns into bones covered with flesh, then at the decisive moment this foetus is converted from just some growing cells into another creature full of life and moves in his mother's womb and his facial expressions appears clearly. As after this large technological revolution which occurred lately in scanning embryos, we can now see embryos smiling and crying in their mothers' wombs before they see light on earth.

3D and 4D ultrasound scanning

3D ultrasound is a medical ultrasound technique, often used during pregnancy, providing three dimensional images of the foetus. Often these images are captured rapidly and animated to produce a "4D ultrasound".

There are several different scanning modes in medical and obstetric ultrasound. The standard common obstetric diagnostic mode is 2D scanning. In 3D foetal scanning, however, instead of the sound waves being sent straight down and reflected back, they are sent at different angles. The returning echoes are processed by a sophisticated computer program resulting in a reconstructed three dimensional volume image of foetus's surface or internal organs; in much the same way as a CT scan machine constructs a CT scan image from multiple x-rays. 3D ultrasounds allow one to see width, height and depth of images in much the same way as 3D movies but no movement is shown. 4D ultrasounds involve the addition of movement by stringing together frames of 3D ultrasounds in quick succession.

3D ultrasound was first developed by Olaf von Ramm and Stephen Smith at Duke University in 1987.

Clinical use of this technology is an area of intense research activity especially in fetal anomaly scanning but there are also popular uses that have been shown to improve fetal-maternal bonding. 4D baby scans are similar to 3D scans except that they show fetal movement as shown in the video clip.[1]

Facial expressions are not copying of the mother's ones

Pioneering scanning techniques have produced astonishing images from inside the womb which show babies apparently smiling and crying. Up to now, doctors did not think infants made such expressions until after birth and believed they learned to smile by copying their mother. Babies do not normally smile after birth until they are about six weeks old.[2]

A foetus having a wide smile very close to laugh

Scientists are not the only who were astonished by these picture but normal people were more astonished. These pictures truly excite in the human soul a state of matchless admiration to Allah's creation. And they trigger the emotions of mercy of parents and the emotions of delight when you see the foetus smiles and the emotions of compassion when you see the foetus cries.

A foetus crying

And at these emotions, an essential question must be asked, if the foetus is still in his mother's womb and it did not see the light yet, it did not see its mother cry or smile, then who taught this foetus to cry and who taught it to smile? This question is asked even by scientists, Professor Stuart Campbell says : "What's behind the smile? Of course, I can't say, but the corners turn up and the cheeks bulge ... I think it must be some indication of contentment in a stress-free environment."[3]

But the answer comes from the holy Quran as Allah says "And that He it is who maketh laugh, and maketh weep," (Quran 53:43). Allah is one who makes embryos smile and it is the one who makes them weep. The advance in science does not only coincide with Quran, but also the holy Quran answers the questions that confuse scientists.

Crying and Life

This verse is a strong indication to all people that the one gives us the ability to laugh and cry is Allah (SWT). But if we can think of our ability to laugh is favour from God to us, how could our ability to cry be also a favour from God?

If we think in a certain moment of our life, we will find that the greatest blessing of Allah upon us is crying……. Yes, it is the first moment in our life, the moment at which we arrive to this earth and without crying at this moment our life ends.

Smiles, relief, congratulations and applause do not start when a child is born – they start when it cries.  Without crying, the room becomes increasingly silent and the mood increasingly apprehensive; and for good reason – crying is a very positive sign of a new, healthy life.  Many factors and complex interactions go into the production of the sound that announces joyful, healthy childbirth.[4]

Why the baby should cry?

The oxygen exchange in the lungs takes place across the membranes of small balloon-like structures called alveoli attached to the branches of the bronchial passages. These alveoli inflate and deflate with inhalation and exhalation.[5]

A lung consists basically from alveoli

Everyone knows that it is much more difficult to blow up a balloon for the first time. Why is that? For one thing, the applied pressure does not create much tension in the walls of a small balloon to start the stretching process necessary for inflation. According to Laplace's law, the wall tension will be twice as large for a balloon of twice the radius. If it takes a certain applied pressure to overcome the elasticity of the large balloon and cause it to expand further, it will take twice as much pressure to start to expand the smaller balloon. All this makes it difficult for the baby to take its first breath -- all the balloons are small! The alveoli of the lungs are collapsed in the fetus and must be inflated in the process of inhalation. Thus the traditional spank on the bottom of the newborn to make him/her mad enough to make the effort for the first breath. Further difficulties are encountered by premature infants because the surfactant fluid which coats the alveoli to give them the appropriate wall tensions is formed in the later stages of pregnancy. Until that point, the alveoli are coated with fluid which has essentially the surface tension of water, much higher than that of the normal surfactant.[6]

So it is a great blessing of Allah (SWT) to give us the ability to laugh and cry "And that He it is who maketh laugh, and maketh weep," (Quran 53:43)

Source:
http://www.quranandscience.com/human/190-who-makes-foetus-laugh-and-weep.html

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Co-Ordination in Human Body

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In the human body, all the systems simultaneously work in a co-ordinated way and in full harmony for a definite purpose, namely, to keep the body alive. Even the smallest movements we do everyday, such as breathing or smiling, are outcomes of perfect co-ordination in the human body.

Inside us is an incredibly complicated and comprehensively co-ordinated network that operates without stopping at all. The purpose is the continuance of living. This co-ordination is particularly visible in the locomotive system of the body, because, for even the smallest movement, skeletal system, muscles and nervous system must work in perfect collaboration.

In order to perform a co-ordinated act, first, the organs involved in this act and their inter-relations should be known. This information comes from the eyes, the balance mechanism in the internal ear, muscles, joints and skin. Every second, billions of pieces of information are processed, evaluated and new decisions are taken accordingly . Man is not even aware of the processes accomplished in his body at dizzying speed. He just moves, laughs, cries, runs, eats and thinks. He spends no effort in performing these acts. Even for a faint smile, seventeen muscles have to work together at the same time. In order to be able to walk, fifty-four different muscles in the feet, legs, hips and back must work in co-operation.

The perfection of the co-ordination of the body will be better understood with the following example. In order just to lift the hand, the shoulder has to be bent, the front and rear arm muscles - called "triceps" and "biceps" - should be contracted and relaxed, and the muscles between elbow and wrist have to twist the wrist. In every part of the act, millions of receptors in the muscles pass on information immediately to the central nervous system about the position of the muscles. In return, the central nervous system tells the muscles what to do in the next step. Of course one is not aware of any of these processes, but just wishes to lift one's hand, and does it right away.

What happens in case of a problem in this co-ordination? Different expressions might appear on our faces when we want to smile, or we might not manage to talk or walk when we want to. However, we can smile, talk, walk anytime we want and no problems occur, because everything mentioned here is accomplished as a result of the fact of Creation which logically requires " infinite intelligence and power ".

For this reason, man should always remember that he owes his being and life to his Creator, God . There is nothing for man to be arrogant or boastful about. His health, beauty or strength is not his own work, and it is not given to him eternally. He certainly will become old and lose his health and beauty. In the Qur'an, this is stated as:

Anything you have been given is only the enjoyment of the life of this world and its finery. What is with God is better and longer lasting. So will you not use your intellect?" (Surat al-Qasas: 60)

Know your God

By: Harun Yahya

http://www.quranandscience.com 

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Every Man has 360 Joint Bones

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'A'ishah (A.S.) narrated that the Prophet (PBUH) said:

"Everyone has been created with three hundred and sixty Joints. Whoever mentions Allah's greatness (says Allahu Akbar), praises Allah, extols Allah, and seeks forgiveness from Allah and removes stones from the path of the people, enjoins what is good and forbids the evil to the amount of those three hundred and sixty joints (sulama), he walks on that Day (of Judgment) having distanced himself from the Hell fire."

Abu Dharr (A.S.) narrated "the Prophet said (PBUH):

"In every morning there is a charitable act on the joints of any of you. Every tasbihah (to say: subhanallah, i.e. Glory be to Allah) is a charitable act; every tahmidah (to say: al-hamdu lillah, i.e. Praise be to Allah) is a charitable act, every tahlilah (to say: la ilaha illallah, i.e. There is none worthy of worship but Allah) is a charitable act; every takbirah (to say: Allahu akbar, i.e. Allah is the Greatest) is a charitable act; enjoining the right is a charitable act; forbidding the evil is a charitable act. However, to fulfill that charity, it is sufficient to pray two rak'at of Duha."

The word "Sulama" in Arabic refers to the joint. It can be also used for all the body bones and the joints between them. Most of the body bones are movable, but some are fixed as those of the skull.

The Explanation of the Hadith

The hadith clearly directs Muslims to be grateful to Allah, the Almighty, Who dignifies and honors man, over all other creatures, by giving him a straight upright skeleton. It has been created of a huge number of big and small bones and cartilage. Between every two bones, there is a joint to enable the bones and to protect the body's soft parts. These joints enable the person to stand up, sit down, lie on his side, bend, stretch, etc. Every Muslim who worships Allah, Glorified be He, must be grateful to Allah for every one of these joints, and offer a charitable act, in way of gratitude to His Creator, for this great blessing, without which life would have been impossible.

It is amazing that the Prophet (PBUH) mentioned the number of the body joints so precisely, at a time when nobody had any idea about human anatomy. Even now in the 21^st century, many people still do not know the number of joints in their bodies, including many professors of orthopedics. I asked many of them, and their answer was between 200 and 300 bones, and around 100-300 joints.

Likewise, many international encyclopedias avoid giving an exact number of bones and joints of the human skeleton by classifying them into major groups or subdivision. The Encyclopedia Britannica classified them into three subdivisions:

1- The Axial Skeleton: which consists of the bones of the vertebral column and the majority of the skull bones.

2- The Visceral Skeleton: which consists of the thorax (the ribs and the breastbones), the lower jaw and some parts of the upper jaw.

3- The Appendicular Skeleton: which consists of the bones of the pelvic girdles, shoulders and limbs.

The Hatchinson Encyclopedia, published in 1995, mentioned that the number of bones in a human skeleton is only 206 bones.

In his book titled, "The Journey of Faith inside the Human Body", Dr.Hamid Ahmed Hamid mentioned that the total number of the human body joints is exactly 360, as the Messenger of Allah (PBUH) stated 1400 years ago. According to Dr. Hamid, the details of these bones are as follows:

Joints in the human body

First: 147 joints in the vertebral column

25 joints between the vertebrae.

72 joints between the vertebrae and the ribs.

Second: 24 joints in the thorax

2 joints between the bones of the sternum and the thoracic cage.

18 joints between the sternum and the ribs.

2 joints between the clavicle and the scapulae (shoulder blade).

2 joints between the scapulae and the thorax.

Third: 86 joints in the upper extremity

2 joints between the scapular bones.

6 joints between the elbows.

8 joints between the wrists.

70 joints between the hand bones.

Fourth: 92 joints in the lower extremity

2 hip joints.

6 joints between the knee bones.

6 joints between the ankles.

74 joints between the feet bones.

Fifth: 11 joints in the Pelvis

4 joints between the coccyx vertebrae.

6 joints between the bones acetabulm.

1 joint of the pubic sumphysis.

Total number of joints: 360

Those joints, mentioned in the hadith, are the movable joints in the human body, which give the ability to the vertebral column and hence the whole body to move freely. The immovable joints, as those joining the skull bones, are not counted here. The movable ones are also known as "The Synovial joints", for they contain a fluid known as the "Synonvial fluid". This fluid allows friction-free movement of the bones by reducing direct contact. For example, the hip joint, composed of a ball-like head of the femur that fits into a socket-like depression of the pelvis bone, makes the hip and the whole leg movements easy and flexible. Another example is the Hinge joint, which enables man to easily bend his leg.

Another type of joints is called "The Gliding joints" as that of the radiocarpal (wrist) joint. In this joint, the facing bone surfaces are in most cases flat, allowing the bones to glide freely in several directions. The joint between the two upper vertebrae has a special structure. It allows the side movement of the head, through the rotation of the ball-like head of one vertebra into the socket-like depression of the other vertebra.

Were it not for the joints created by Allah the Almighty, man would not have been able to move one bone in his body. The defect in one joint causes a lot of pain and problems.

Sunnah & Science

By: Dr. Zaghloul El-Naggar

 

http://www.quranandscience.com

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Diet During Ramadan

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INTRODUCTION

Fasting during the Islamic month of Ramadan can be good for one's health and personal development. Ramadan fasting is not just about disciplining the body to restrain from eating food and drinking water from predawn until sunset. The eyes, the ears, the tongue, and even the private parts are equally obligated to be restrained if a Muslim wants to gain the total rewards of fasting. Ramadan is also about restraining anger, doing good deeds, exercising personal discipline, and preparing oneself to serve as a good Muslim and a good person during and after Ramadan.

This is why the Messenger of Allah (Peace be upon him, Pbuh) has been attributed, by Hazrat Abu Hurairah in hadith, to say: "He who does not desist from obscene language and acting obscenely (during the period of fasting), Allah has no need that he didn't eat or drink." (Bukhari, Muslim). In another hadith by Hazrat Abu Harairah, the Prophet (Pbuh) said: "Fasting is not only from food and drink, fasting is to refrain from obscene (acts). If someone verbally abuses you or acts ignorantly toward you, say (to them) 'I am fasting; I am fasting." (Ibn Khuzaoinah). Restraint from food, water, and undesirable behavior makes a person more mentally disciplined and less prone to unhealthy behavior. In an investigation in Jordan (1), a significant reduction of parasuicidal cases was noted during the month of Ramadan. In the United Kingdom, the Ramadan model has been used by various health departments and organizations to reduce cigarette smoking among the masses, especially among Africans and Asians (2).

Ramadan fasting has spiritual, physical, psychological, and social benefits; however, manmade problems may occur, if fasting is not properly practiced. First of all, there is no need to consume excess food at iftar (the food eaten immediately after sunset to break fast), dinner or sahur ( the light meal generally eaten about half an hour to one hour before dawn). The body has regulatory mechanisms that activate during fasting. There is efficient utilization of body fat. [El Ati et al. (3)]. Basal metabolism slows down during Ramadan fasting. [Husain et al. (4)]. A diet that is less than a normal amount of food intake but balanced is sufficient enough to keep a person healthy and active during the month of Ramadan.

Health problems can emerge as a result of excess food intake, foods that make the diet unbalanced, and insufficient sleep (5, 6). Ultimately also, such a lifestyle contradicts the essential requirements and spirit of Ramadan.

DIET DURING RAMADAN

According to Sunna (the practices of Prophet Muhammad, Pbuh) and research findings referred in this report, a dietary plan is given:

1. Bread/Cereal/Rice, Pasta, Biscuits and Cracker Group: 6-11 servings/day; 2. Meat/Beans/ Nut Group: 2-3 servings/day. 3. Milk and Milk Product Group: 2-3 servings/day. 4. Vegetable Group: 3-5 servings/day; 5. Fruit Group: 2-4 servings/day. 6. Added sugar (table sugar, sucrose): sparingly. 7. Added fat, polyunsaturated oil 4-7 table spoons.

Breakfast, iftar:

• Dates, three
• Juice, 1 serving (4 oz.)
• Vegetable soup with some pasta or graham crackers, 1 cup

The body's immediate need at the time of iftar is to get an easily available energy source in the form of glucose for every living cell, particularly the brain and nerve cells. Dates and juices are good sources of sugars. Dates and juice in the above quantity are sufficient to bring low blood glucose levels to normal levels. Juice and soup help maintain water and mineral balance in the body. An unbalanced diet and too many servings of sherbets and sweets with added sugar have been found to be unhealthy. [Gumma et al. (7)].

Dinner:

Consume foods from all the following food groups:

Meat/Bean Group: Chicken, beef, lamb, goat, fish, 1-2 servings (serving size = a slice =1 oz); green pea, chickpea (garbanzo, chana, humus), green gram, black gram, lentil, lima bean and other beans, 1 serving (half cup). Meat and beans are a good source of protein, minerals, and certain vitamins. Beans are a good source of dietary fiber, as well.

Bread/Cereal Group: Whole wheat bread, 2 servings (serving size = 1 oz) or cooked rice, one cup or combination. This group is a good source of complex carbohydrates, which are a good source of energy and provide some protein, minerals, and dietary fiber.

Milk Group: milk or butter-milk (lassi without sugar), yogurt or cottage cheese (one cup). Those who can not tolerate whole milk must try fermented products such as butter-milk and yogurt. Milk and dairy products are good sources of protein and calcium, which are essential for body tissue maintenance and several physiological functions.

Vegetable Group: Mixed vegetable salad, 1 serving (one cup), (lettuce, carrot, parsley, cucumber, broccoli, coriander leaves, cauliflower or other vegetables as desired.) Add 2 teaspoons of olive oil or any polyunsaturated oil and 2 spoons of vinegar. Polyunsaturated fat provides the body with essential fatty acids and keto acids. Cooked vegetables such as guar beans, French beans, okra (bhindi), eggplant (baigan), bottle gourd (loki), cabbage, spinach, 1 serving (4 oz). Vegetables are a good source of dietary fiber, vitamin A, carotene, lycopenes, and other phytochemicals, which are antioxidants. These are helpful in the prevention of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and many other health problems.

Fruits Group: 1-2 servings of citrus and/or other fruits. Eat fruits as the last item of the dinner or soon after dinner, to facilitate digestion and prevent many gastrointestinal problems. Citrus fruits provide vitamin C. Fruits are a good source of dietary fiber.

Fruits and mixed nuts may be eaten as a snack after dinner or tarawiaha or before sleep.

Pre-dawn Meal (sahur):

Consume a light sahur. Eat whole wheat or oat cereal or whole wheat bread, 1-2 serving with a cup of milk. Add 2-3 teaspoons of olive oil or any other monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fats in a salad or the cereal. Eat 1-2 servings of fruits, as a last item.

DISCUSSION

Blood cholesterol and uric acid levels are sometimes elevated during the month of Ramadan (8). Contrary to popular thinking, it was found that intake of a moderately high-fat diet, around 36% of the total energy (calories), improved blood cholesterol profile. [Nomani, et al. (9) and Nomani (10)] It also prevents the elevation of blood uric acid level (8-10). The normal recommended guideline for fat is 30% or less energy. On weight basis, suggested fat intake during Ramadan is almost the same as at normal days. Fat is required for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) and carotenoids. Essential fatty acids are an important component of the cell membrane. They also are required for the synthesis of the hormone prostaglandin. Keto-acids from fat are especially beneficial during Ramadan to meet the energy requirement of brain and nerve cells. Keto-acids also are useful in the synthesis of glucose through the metabolic pathway of gluconeogenesis. This reduces the breakdown of body proteins for glucose synthesis. Therefore, the energy equivalent of 1-2 bread/cereal servings may be replaced with polyunsaturated fat.

During Ramadan increased gastric acidity is often noticed, [Iraki, et al. (5)] exhibiting itself with symptoms such as a burning feeling in the stomach, a heaviness in the stomach, and a sour mouth. Whole wheat bread, vegetables, humus, beans, and fruits -- excellent sources of dietary fiber -- trigger muscular action, churning and mixing food, breaking food into small particles, binding bile acids, opening the area between the stomach and the deudenum-jejunum and moving digesta in the small intestine. [Kay (11)]. Thus, dietary fiber helps reduce gastric acidity and excess bile acids. [Rydning et al. (12)]. In view of dietary fiber's role in moving digesta, it prevents constipation. It's strongly suggested that peptic ulcer patients avoid spicy foods and consult a doctor for appropriate medicine and diet. Diabetic subjects, particularly severe type I (insulin dependent) or type II (non-insulin dependent), must consult their doctor for the type and dosage of medicine, and diet and precautions to be taken during the month. Generally diabetes mellitus, type II, is manageable through proper diet during Ramadan. [Azizi and Siahkolah (13)].

Pregnant and lactating women's needs for energy and nutrients are more critical than the needs of men (14). There is a possibility of health complications to the pregnant woman and the fetus or the lactating mother and the breastfed child, if energy and nutrient requirements are not met during the month of Ramadan (15-19). Governments, communities, and heads of the family must give highest priority to meet women's dietary needs. In African countries, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and many other places malnutrition is a major problem, especially among women from low-income groups. Further more, it is common among these women to perform strenuous work on farms or in factories, and other places. Malnutrition and strenuous conditions may lead to medical problems and danger to life. Under these conditions one must consult a medical doctor for treatment and maulana or sheikh for postponement or other suggestions regarding fasting. Quran Al-Hakeem and Hadith allow pregnant women and lactating mothers flexibility during the month of Ramadan.

For practical purposes and estimation of nutrients a diet was formulated, given below:

Iftar:

3 dates, 1/2 cup of orange juice, 1 cup of vegetable soup, 2 plain graham crackers; dinner: 1 cup of vegetable salad with two teaspoons of corn oil and two teaspoon of vinegar, 2 oz. of chicken, 1/2 cup of okra, 4 oz. of cooked whole chana (garbanzo), 3 tea spoon of oil while cooking main dishes, 2 slices of whole wheat bread, 1 cup of cooked rice, 3/4 cup of plain yogurt, one orange, 1/2 cup grapes, 1 oz of nuts-mixed roasted-without salt; sahur: 2 slices of whole wheat bread, 1 cup of milk, 1/4 cup of vegetable salad with two teaspoons of corn oil and two teaspoons of vinegar, 1 skinned apple, 2 teaspoons of sugar with tea or coffee.

Nutritionist IV (20) was used to estimate energy and nutrient content in the above diet, which was as follows: energy, 2136 kilocalories; protein, 70g; carbohydrate , 286g; fat, 87g, 35 % of energy of the total intake, (saturated fat 16.9g; mono saturated, 28.4g; poly unsaturated, 34g; other 7.3g; - oleic, 25.6g; linoleic, 29.5; linolenic, 0.6g; EPA-Omega-3, 0.006g; DHA-omega-3, 0.023g; dietary fiber 34g; calcium, 1013mg; sodium, 3252 mg; potassium, 2963mg; iron 13.3mg; zinc, 10mg. When the nutrients were compared with the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), for an adult non-pregnant and non-lactating female (14), the diet met 100% or more of the RDA for protein, calcium, sodium, potassium, and vitamin A, K, B1, B2, B3, B6, B12, folate, and C. The energy was close to the RDA, (97%). The dietary fiber level also was met as per the recommendation (11). Consuming food in the above amount by pregnant or lactating female may not meet the RDA for all of the nutrients. They may need supplementation of some minerals and vitamins such as, iron vitamin D, and more energy through bread or rice.

Further suggestions:

Drink sufficient water between Iftar and sleep to avoid dehydration.

Consume sufficient vegetables at mealtimes. Eat fruits at the end of the meal.

Avoid intake of high sugar (table sugar, sucrose) foods through sweets or other forms.

Avoid spicy foods.

Avoid caffeine drinks such as coke, coffee or tea. Caffeine is a diuretic. Three days to five days before Ramadan gradually reduce the intake of these drinks. A sudden decrease in caffeine prompts headaches, mood swings and irritability.

Smoking is a health risk factor. Avoid smoking cigarettes. If you cannot give up smoking, cut down gradually starting a few weeks before Ramadan. Smoking negatively affects utilization of various vitamins, metabolites and enzyme systems in the body.

Do not forget to brush or Miswak (tender neem tree branch, Azhardicta indica or other appropriate plant in a country, about 1/4-1/2 inch diameter and 6-8 inches length, tip partially chewed and made brush like). Brush your teeth before sleep and after sahur. Brush more than two times or as many times as practicable.

Normal or overweight people should not gain weight. For overweight people Ramadan is an excellent opportunity to lose weight. Underweight or marginally normal weight people are discouraged from losing weight. Analyzing a diet's energy and nutritional component, using food composition tables or computer software, will be useful in planning an appropriate diet.

It is recommended that everyone engage in some kind of light exercise, such as stretching or walking. It's important to follow good time management practices for Ibada (prayer and other religious activities), sleep, studies, job, and physical activities or exercise.

In summary, intake of a balanced diet is critical to maintain good health, sustain an active lifestyle and attain the full benefits of Ramadan.

---

 Source: International Journal of Ramadan Fasting Research

Legislative

By: Dr. Mohammad Zafar A. Nomani

 

Source :http://www.quranandscience.com/ 

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